Nicholas Rowe (1674-1718) was a dramatist, editor, entrepreneur, translator, classicist, and Poet Laureate. In addition to fare such as Tamerlane (1702) and a full translation of Lucan's Pharsalia (1718), he wrote tragedies with female protagonists to attract the growing audience of women at the Drury Lane theatres: The Fair Penitent, The Tragedy of Jane Shore, and The Tragedy of Lady Jane Grey (1702, 1714, 1715). It is alleged much of his Shakespeare simply updated the Fourth Folio (1685), but he attempted historical collation, a first, and his revisions of his predecessors were more extensive than previously thought.
Terry Gray's excellent page on Rowe
(1709)
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(1709-10) same play / vol as Rowe1
ROWE2v1 ROWE2v2 ROWE2v3 ROWE2v4 ROWE2v5 ROWE2v6
ROWE2v7 (Gildon-Curll-supplement)
(1714)
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In 1934, R. B. McKerrow, the pioneering bibliographer, discovered that Jacob Tonson had published two versions of Rowe's edition, the second most likely in 1710, though most volumes gave 1709 as the date (TLS 8 March 1934). In 1710, likely at Tonson's request, Charles Gildon added a seventh volume containing the sonnets and poems as they were then known, John Benson's reconfiguration of 1640, Poems by Will. Shakespare, Gent. Though this offering was flawed and inaccurate by modern standards, it was nevertheless the first time Shakespeare's poetry became part of an edition, which would be repeated in Rowe's 1714 text and in Pope's 1725 and 1728 sets. Edmond Malone's 1780 Supplement to v1778 and his landmark variorum of 1790 both included Q1609 as its copy-text of the sonnets for the first time as part of a full edition.
Rowe's three editions were revolutionary. Some firsts:
Shakespeare's nondramatic poetry has a separate publication history. Benson's edition was the first to print the Sonnets after Q1609. A "mangled hodgepodge": so Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor characterized Benson's rearrangement of the sequence by combining several sonnets, omitting seven, and changing some pronouns from masculine to feminine. Yet such liberal reformations of lyric sequences were hardly uncommon in the early modern period. Most scholars are surprised to learn that Benson left the most homoerotic sonnet, 20, in its original state, retitled "The Exchange" (B4). This stationer (writer, bookbinder, bookseller, editor) occasioned no derision for his edition, and his version of the Sonnets stayed in its state for the Gildon supplements to Rowe 2 and 3.
Charles Gildon (1665-1724) and Edmund Curll (1675-1747), two notorious laborers in the underground London book trade, collaborated on these two volumes that supplemented the second and third eds. of Rowe, perhaps with the acquiescence of the publisher, the Tonson brothers. Because of The Dunciad and other completely biased sources, our opinions of Curll and Gildon have been shaped for the worse. But their supplements are a part of the critical tradition and reception of Shakespeare's poetry. 1714 makes several changes from 1710. Perhaps the Lintott ed. (below) occasioned its publication.
Gildon-Curll supplement to Rowe 2 (1710)
Gildon-Curll supplement to Rowe 3 (1714)
[I will let archive.org do the talking about these books:]
LIN11709 (Ven., Luc., PP, Misc)
LIN21711 (Son., LC)
"The publication history for the edition of the Poems printed for Bernard Lintott is complicated. Three states have been identified. State 1: A vol. lacking "vol." designation was individually issued in July 1709, followed by the second vol. identifying itself as "the second volume" in Feb. 1711. The two vols., issued at different times, had no general t.p. State 2: The two vols. were immediately re-issued together with an undated general t.p. in 1711, with the same setting of type. State 3: The two vols. were re-issued again together with an undated general t.p., ca. 1711, lacking the first vol. t.p., with slight changes to dates on the divisional poem title pages. A later undated issue published ca. 1712, not cataloged on this record, has a different imprint which includes O. Lloyd--Folger Shakespeare Library catalog."
It's worth mentioning that in the second volume, Lintott reprints Q1609 verbatim, even including the "T.T." dedication page that has occasioned so much comment. The Sonnets would not be reprinted in their original form again until Steevens' Twenty Plays (1766), and not included in a full Shakespeare edition until 1790 in Malone's ed.
Pope (1688-1744) had been a sensation as a poet by the time he took up Shakespeare. He had published Windsor Forest (1709) to great acclaim, along with An Essay on Criticism (1711) and The Rape of the Lock (1714-15). In adolescence he had contracted scoliosis, which meant that he spent most of his waking hours in pain, not in any way soothed by the corset he wore to make him stand more upright. He was mocked for his disability and his Catholicism, and those jealous of his Apollonian poetical gifts spoke of him as a hack and a clown. He was brave and persistent, and produced English translations of Homer, An Essay on Man (1725), and was able to earn enough money from writing so that he could survive without a patron.
Dixon essay on Pope's edition JEGP (1964)
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Pope was in over his head with Shakespeare, which even his most ardent defenders must admit. He was simply not knowledgeable about editorial practice and demonstrated this in his first edition, in which he degraded almost 2000 lines of Shakespeare he thought unworthy and rewrote them himself. For this he was derided by Lewis Theobald in Shakespeare Restored (1726), which mocked Pope for his amateurish presumption. Yet at least some of the unimaginably altered lines could not be described as Shakespeare's best. And the great poet, never having suffered real failure before and thus unused to it, was eventually humble enough to create a new, enlarged edition with help from Theobald's barbed suggestions, and then immortalizing him as King of the Dunces in The Dunciad. The revised 1728 version was respected by most, and reflects the extension of the concept of collation that Rowe had established, since Pope consulted the quartos of the plays that were available to him. Theobald based his 1733 text on Pope's 1728, with help from William Warburton.
Pope's preface to the works was always reprinted in subsequent editions of Shakespeare.
DNB entry on Theobald
Richard Knowles's review of Peter Seary's Lewis Theobald and the Editing of Shakespeare (1992)
Theobald, Shakespeare Restored (1726)
Theobald was arguably Shakespeare's first professional editor, and in attacking Pope, helped create the concept of what such a scholar was supposed to do and to be. His 1733 edition was the standard for over thirty years, not equaled until the Capell version in 1768. However, his reputation suffered because of his quarrels with William Warburton concerning emendations that Warburton claimed Theobald had used in his 1733 ed. without crediting him.
1733
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1740
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THEO2v6 (Lr Tim Tit Mac Cor) THEO2v7 (JC Ant Cym Tro) THEO2v8 (Rom Ham Oth)
1752 (same vol / play as THEO2)
THEO3v1 THEO3v2 THEO3v3 THEO3v4 THEO3v5 THEO3v6 THEO3v7 THEO3v8
1757 (same vol / play as THEO2)
THEO4v1 THEO4v2 THEO4v3 THEO4v4. THEO4v5 THEO4v6 THEO4v7
1762 (same vol / play as THEO2)
THEO5v1 THEO5v2 THEO5v3 THEO5v4 THEO5v5 THEO5v6 THEO5v7 THEO5v8
vols 4 and 5 1767 reprint
Britannica entry on Theobald (1911)
Nichols's Illustrations, which contains much of the correspondence between Theobald, Matthew Concanen, Styan Thirlby, and William Warburton on editing Shakespeare.
Hanmer (1677-1746) was Speaker of the House of Commons as well as a Shakespeare editor. For this second feat, controversy occurred with his erstwhile friends Warburton and Pope, who mostly used him for their own gain and attempt at influence, since the genial Hanmer was well-connected and well-liked. He based his first edition on Pope's second of 1728. It is known for its excellent engravings by Hubert-François Gravelot after paintings by Francis Hayman. It also uses a truly beautiful typeface. It does not contribute much to the editorial history of Shakespeare except to make a bridge from Pope to Warburton. Some scholars dismiss Hanmer as a dilettante. Warburton described him once as "a true critical genius." Arguably his achievement lies between these extremes.
Only Hanmer’s production of 1743-4 can be claimed as his. None names him as editor. All three associated with him are problematic. For the 1743-44 first ed., Warburton complained that Hanmer stole many of his best ideas for conjectural emendations, which has never been verified. It was the first Shakespeare not to be published in London by the Tonsons. They took exception to this, thinking themselves the holders of proprietary rights over the works. In 1745, along with the Knapton brothers John and Paul, they issued a pirated "reprint" of the first ed. in London under their flagship. However, the matter did not end there. Some later commentators believed that this was actually Warburton's edition, a prelude to the text that he published in 1747. This second Hanmer has revealed itself to be not so much a reprint as a revision of the first, which is why Shakespeare editors refer to it as Hanmer 2. If Warburton were responsible for the changes, argued Arthur Sherbo (see below), it is curious that he neither claimed nor included them in his ed. of two years later, which would have been unusual for him, since he complained bitterly that Hanmer and Theobald had used his emendations in their eds. without credit. In 1747, the Knaptons reissued Hanmer's ed. in nine duodecimo volumes. Thomas Hawkins (d. 1772) published the reprint of HAN2 in 1770-1, with various readings from previous eds.
(Play / vol. identical in all eds.)
1743-44
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1745
HAN2v1 HAN2v2 HAN2v3 HAN2v4 HAN2v5 HAN2v6
1770-71
HAN3v1 HAN3v2 HAN3v3 HAN3v4 HAN3v5 HAN3v6
Sidney Lee's DNB entry on Hanmer
Giles Dawson essay on the 1745 ed.
William Warbuton (1698-1779) became Bishop of Gloucester in 1759. Of Shakespeare's 18th c editors, his reputation is the lowest. He corresponded with Hanmer and Theobald and claimed they had plagiarized notes from their correspondence with him for their own eds. He remained friends with Pope, edited his works, and based his Shakespeare ed on his second ed. (1728). He convinced Pope to replace Colley Cibber with Theobald as King of the Dunces in The Dunciad. Because of Theobald's Shakespeare Restored (1726), Pope was only too happy to comply.
Posterity and Warburton's contemporaries administered the criitcal equivalent of a savage beating. Heath, Thomas Edwards, and John Upton were not kind in their evaluations. Dr Johnson seems to have taken something like glee in ridiculing some of his conjectures and emendations. Yet he based his own ed. on Warburton's, and he thought some of the attacks were too much, undignified. In The Life of Johnson, James Boswell reported:
"Soon after Edwards's Canons of Criticism came out, Johnson was dining at Tonson the Bookseller's, with Hayman the Painter and some more company. Hayman related to Sir Joshua Reynolds, that the conversation having turned upon Edwards's book, the gentlemen praised it much, and Johnson allowed its merit. But when they went farther, and appeared to put that authour upon a level with Warburton, 'Nay, (said Johnson,) he has given him some smart hits to be sure; but there is no proportion between the two men; they must not be named together. A fly, Sir, may sting a stately horse and make him wince; but one is but an insect, and the other is a horse still.'"
Cambridge History entry on Warburton.
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Upton, Critical Observations (1748)
Edwards, Canons of Criticism (1748)
Heath, Revisal of Shakespeare's Text (1765)
Warburton’s 1747 Preface to his edition, in which he accuses Hanmer and Theobald of plagiarizing his Shakespeare materials and ideas for emendations.
In 1734-5, Robert Walker and his associates were the first serious challenge to the Tonsons' notion of their rightful monopoly over Shakespeare publication. Walker issued inexpensive editions of single plays, and then, finally, a seven-volume edition that featured the intermixing of apocryphal works with those known at the time to be Shakespeare's.
A single edition of Locrine, first included as Shakespeare's work in the second issue of the Third Folio (1664). Of the 43 plays credited to Shak by many, Walker published 35 single eds.
Walker attacked Tonson in the same way that Tonson had been attacking him.
The Tonsons hoped to combat the threat from Walker by issuing their own inexpensive single editions of the plays. The effect was to flood the market, but at the same time, it made Shakespeare widely available at appealing prices, in some cases for a penny a play. Tonson also issued a multivolume 12mo ed. in 8 vols
A second attempt to undermine Walker, including mockery for including Nahum Tate's Lr. rather than Shak.
The effect and influence of Jacob Tonson and his successors on the publication of Shakespeare and other writers cannot be overstated. This is Godfrey Kneller's portrait of Jacob I in the National Portrait Gallery, in which he holds the publication of which he was most proud, his 1688 edition of Paradise Lost
Walker published 43 plays in his collected ed., all thought to be by Shak. He does not segregate apocryphal plays from those attributed reliably to Shak.
Vol 1 (Ham JC R3 TLC Tmp MWW)
Vol 2 (Mac Oth 1H4 Tit MM LP)
Vol 3 (Ant Per Lr 2H4 Pur TGV)
Vol 4 (SJO Loc H5 Tim Err MND)
Vol 5 (123H6 H8 AYL MV)
Vol 6 (Jn Tro R2 Rom Shr LLL)
Vol 7 (WT Cor Cym YT TN Ado AWW)
Jacob Tonson and his nephew, Jacob Tonson II, responded to Walker by issuing 12mo single eds as well as a complete set to undercut their troublesome competitor. Title pages seem to have been drawn from the eds. with Rowe, Pope, and Theobald. Engravings from Rowe's first (1709) and third eds (1714) by Francois Boitard and Louis de Guernier were reprinted with the 1734-5 12mo eds.
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The Tonsons issued several versions of this set, which draws on the typography and illustrations from Rowe, and typefaces from Pope and Theobald. The title page for each volume mistakenly reads M DC XXXV, the second C left out that would have identified the actual year of publication, 1735. The 43 plays in the three Rowe eds (1709, 1710, 1714) and in the Pope-Sewell ed (1728) were all included.
Vol 1 (Tmp TGV MWW MM Err Ado)
Vol 2 (LLL MND MV AYL Shr AWW)
Vol 3 (TN WT Jn R2 1H4)
Vol 4 (2H4 H5 123H6)
Vol 5 (R3 H8 Tro Cor Tit)
Vol 6 (Rom Tim JC Mac Ham)
Vol 7 (Lr Oth Ant Cym)
Vol 8 (Per LP TLC SJO Pur YT Loc)
"Walker v. Tonson in the Court of Public Opinion," Huntington Library Quarterly 75 (2012): 95-112.
Hamm's essay provides an account of the controversy.
"The First Collected 'Shakespeare Apocrypha," Shakespeare Quarterly 62 (2011): 594-601.
Kirwan traces the history of the plays sometimes attributed to Shak.
As great as Dr. Johnson was, it has been said that his practices as editor were not that innovative, and it was left to Capell after him (1768) to advance that state of the art that Theobald had demonstrated in his first production of Shakespeare in print (1733). It was long held that Johnson merely updated Warburton. Yet Arthur Eastman proved in the middle of the last century that Warburton had actually based his text on Theobald's second ed. of 1740, which Johnson apparently knew, and better yet, Johnson used Theobald's revised text of 1757 to assist him further. The same critic in another study estimated correctly that the two 1765 eds. offered approximately 15,000 changes from these three purported copy texts. This revelation benefited the reputation of all three Enlightenment editors.
Both Johnson's eds. were published in 1765. Clearly he was dismayed by the errors, the typeface, and some aspects of the layout with JOHN1. Hence he took the opportunity to create JOHN2, much handsomer and more correct. Though the two issues seem difficult to tell apart at first, a few clues that demonstrate the characteristics of each can be easily apprehended. JOHN1 features a somewhat spindly font, resembling IM Fell English, which JOHN2 modifies subtly but noticeably. The run of booksellers on the tp differs slightly in the first two volumes. The JOHN1 list begins with the Tonsons, with Corbet and Woodfall following. In JOHN2, Woodfall appears second, with Corbet seemingly demoted to the third line. JOHN1's Preface lacks pagination, inserts spaces between paragraphs, and encloses signature numbers in brackets. JOHN2 deletes the brackets and extra spaces. The printers ensured that the Preface's pagination was continuous with the other introductory matter. [i]-clv [i.e. clxxv]. Another distinguishing touch: though both eds. contain "bastard" tps after the formal vol. tp (i.e. half-titles), JOHN2's vv. 2-8 include divisional volume titles reading "The plays of William Shakespeare" before the tp, with vol. numbers following in roman.
(Play / vol are identical in both eds.)
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JOHN2v1 JOHN2v2 JOHN2v3 JOHN2v4 JOHN2v5 JOHN2v6 JOHN2v7 JOHN2v8
Because of Johnson's centrality in English literature as poet, biographer, dictionary-maker, editor, and critic, a commentary tradition developed especially for his work on Shakespeare. He proposed the edition some nine years before finishing, wrote the famous Preface that is a part of every anthology of 18th c. literature, and was, somewhat surprisingly, caned by various commentators such as Kenrick and Ritson. 20th c. champions such as Paul, Eastman, and, most vocally, Sherbo have noted and explained Johnson's editorial acumen in some detail.
Johnson published two versions of his Proposals, outlines for his edition, some eleven years apart, the 1745 the equivalent of a broadsheet at one page, the 1756 much more detailed at eight pages. It was never his habit to publish before he was ready, and it would be nine more years until his two 1765 editions came out.
Proposals for Printing a New Edition of the Plays of William Shakespear (1745)
Proposals for Printing, by Subscription, the Dramatick Works of William Shakespeare (1756)
Mr. Johnson's Preface to His Edition of Shakespear's Plays (1765)
Kenrick, A Review of Doctor Johnson's New Edition of Shakespeare (1765)
Ritson, Remarks (1783)
Paul, "Johnson's Shakespeare, 1765" (1934)
Eastman on Johnson's text (1950)
Arthur Sherbo, "Johnson's Shakespeare" (1990)
Marcus Walsh, "Making Sense of Shakespeare: Editing from Pope to Capell" (2004)
Most Shakespeare scholars who study his publication history have concluded that Capell's was the second of the triad of great 18th c. eds., preceded by Theobald and followed by Malone. Marcus Walsh (2001) noted that it was the first issuing of the works since the seventeenth century that used the original title of the Folios, with Shakespeare's name first. Capell omitted his name from the title-page, just as Jennens did and Boswell the Younger would. As Walsh said, "To revert to the 1623 folio title is at once to make a claim of genuineness and originality, to assert the authenticity of the text presented in these volumes." Therefore, "These are strategies which give Shakespeare an uncontested authority." Capell went further than Theobald in collating early editions, perhaps inspired by George Steevens's Twenty Plays of two years earlier, the first ed. to be based on the quartos.
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Prolusions: Or, Select Pieces of Antient Poetry (1760)
Notes and Various Readings
CAPN1783: VRv1 VRv2. VRv3(a) VRv3(b)
George Steevens's Twenty Plays (1766) was the first edition based on the quartos, and the first after Lintott to include the 1609 quarto of the Sonnets. Charles Gildon had previously published the mashups of Shakespeare's cycle from the John Benson 1640 Poems in Rowe's 1709 text, vol. 7, repeated in 1714 and then in both Pope eds. Most of the quartos were from the personal collection of David Garrick.
This is the first ed. of Shakespeare that consciously reproduces the original spelling of the texts.
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v1773 was the first real variorum edition in the spirit of the Latin phrase "cum notis variorum editorum" (with the notes of various editors). It was mostly Steevens's work, without much input from Johnson.
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The Reverend Rann's 6-volume ed. (1787-95) largely follows v1778 (below). He contributed a clean text and spare notes to Shakespeare studies, an alternative to the commentary-heavy variorums of the time. He was Vicar of S. Trinity in Coventry, the market town near Stratford (17 m, 27 km) with its own mystery cycle that Shakespeare might have witnessed.
Rann's ed. has the distinction of being the second major Shakespeare set to be published in Oxford after Hanmer's (1744), and the second by the Clarendon Press, after Hanmer's third ed. of 1770-71
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Steevens revised v1773 with the help of Isaac Reed. Johnson's notes were preserved but he added nothing original. The real value in the edition is the two-volume supplement by Edmond Malone, which added more commentary and other invaluable context.
v1778v1 (Tmp TGV MWW) v1778v2 (MM Err Ado LLL) v1778v3 (MND MV AYL Shr) v1778v4 (AWW TN WT Mac) v1778v5 (Jn R2 1H4 2H4) v1778v6 (H5 123H6) v1778v7 (R3 H8 Cor) v1778v8 (JC Ant Tim Tit)
v1778v9 (Tro Cym Lr) v1778v10 (Rom Ham Oth)
Reed supervised v1785, and it was long thought that most of it merely reprinted v1778. However, the work of William Woodson has revealed that this is absolutely untrue. All plays were revised in some way, more than a few heavily. (For play / vol see v1773)
v1785v1 v1785v2 v1785v3 v1785v4 v1785v5 v1785v6 v1785v7 v1785v8 v1785v9 v1785v10
Mason, Comments on the Last Edition of Shakespeare's Plays (on v1785)
All in all, probably the best edition of the eighteenth century, and in some ways, it has not been equaled. Malone was the finest editor Shakespeare had been privileged to have to that point, and the achievement only becomes more remarkable when considering Malone's two-volume 1780 supplement to v1778. For the first time, in both eds., the Q1609 Sonnets was the copy-text.
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This was sometimes known as "Steevens's own edition," though it is a correction and continuation of the previous variorums of 1773, 1778, and 1778.
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Johnson was a printer and bookseller who worked out of the Netherlands, an ancient place of business for English book traders and publishers. He issued two versions of A Collection of the Best English Plays, 1710-11 and 1720-22. The first lists its place of publication as The Hague, and the second as London, though different volumes in both editions are inconsistent on this matter. Most of Johnson's playwrights are from his own time, but the first two volumes are Shakespeare or adaptations, and therefore consulted by scholarly editors of those plays. Some believe that both Pope and Rowe (3rd version, 1714) owned some of Johnson's editions, since their readings sometimes seem to have been anticipated by his.
Jennens (1700-73) was a wealthy patron of the arts, and a supporter and librettist for Handel, contributing the libretto for Messiah. He created five excellent critical editions with footnotes of the "Big Four" plus one: Ham., Lr., Oth., Mac. and JC. Editors of those plays usually consult his versions and adopt some of his readings and commentary. These were the first single truly critical editions of Shakespeare plays.
JEN_HAM JEN_LR JEN_OTH JEN_MAC JEN_JC
Messiah: An Oratorio (1770)
